De troon

Fate proved even more fickle in the post-feudal era for the Orange-Nassau family on the Dutch royal throne (all styled Willem, 'William') then for its realm. After exile in the French Revolution, the uniquely styled stadholders' family saw its crowned republic of the United Provinced promoted to a kingdom, covering all of the Low Countries. The same generation will lose most of the territorial gain again in the Belgian independence. Family relations are often strained or worse, especially between fathers and sons. Modern times bring more parliamentary constitutions.